Again the Apothecary Examined the Body

Flemish anatomist, physician and author (1514–1564)

Andreas Vesalius
Portrait by Jan van Calcar
Born	Andries van Wezel 31 December 1514 Brussels, Habsburg Netherlands (modernistic-solar day Belgium)
Died	15 October 1564(1564-10-15) (aged 49) Zakynthos, Venetian Ionian Islands (mod-twenty-four hours Greece)
Education	University of Leuven (K.D., 1537) Academy of Paris
Known for	De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Homo Body)
Scientific career
Fields	Beefcake
Institutions	University of Padua (1537–1542)
Thesis	Paraphrasis in nonum librum Rhazae medici Arabis clarissimi ad regem Almansorem, de affectuum singularum corporis partium curatione(1537)
Academic advisors	Johann Winter von Andernach[1] Jacques Dubois[1] Jean Fernel[1]
Notable students	John Caius Realdo Colombo Gabriele Falloppio
Influences	Galen Gemma Frisius Johannes Baptista Montanus
Signature

Andreas Vesalius (Latinized from Andries van Wezel) (;^[two] 31 December 1514 – 15 Oct 1564) was a 16th-century anatomist, dr., and author of one of the most influential books on human beefcake, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the material of the human body in vii books). Vesalius is often referred to every bit the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was a professor at the University of Padua (1537–1542) and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles Five.

Andreas Vesalius is the Latinized class of the Dutch name Andries van Wesel. Information technology was a common practice amidst European scholars in his time to Latinize their names. His proper name is also given every bit Andrea Vesalius, André Vésale, Andrea Vesalio, Andreas Vesal, André Vesalio and Andre Vesale.

Early life and instruction [edit]

Vesalius was born equally Andries van Wesel to his father Anders van Wesel and mother Isabel Crabbe on 31 December 1514 in Brussels, which was and then office of the Habsburg Netherlands. His great granddaddy, January van Wesel, probably born in Wesel, received a medical degree from the Academy of Pavia and taught medicine at the University of Leuven. His grandfather, Everard van Wesel, was the Royal Medico of Emperor Maximilian, whilst his father, Anders van Wesel, served every bit apothecary to Maximilian and later valet de chambre to his successor, Charles V. Anders encouraged his son to keep in the family unit tradition and enrolled him in the Brethren of the Common Life in Brussels to acquire Greek and Latin prior to learning medicine, according to standards of the era.^[3]

In 1528 Vesalius entered the University of Leuven (Pedagogium Castrense) taking arts, just when his father was appointed every bit the Valet de Chambre in 1532 he decided instead to pursue a career in the war machine at the University of Paris, where he moved in 1533. At that place he studied the theories of Galen nether the auspices of Johann Wintertime von Andernach, Jacques Dubois (Jacobus Sylvius) and Jean Fernel. It was during that fourth dimension that he developed an interest in anatomy and was often found examining excavated bones in the charnel houses at the Cemetery of the Innocents.

Vesalius was forced to leave Paris in 1536 owing to the opening of hostilities between the Holy Roman Empire and France and returned to the Academy of Leuven. He completed his studies there and graduated the following year. His doctoral thesis, Paraphrasis in nonum librum Rhazae medici Arabis clarissimi ad regem Almansorem, de affectuum singularum corporis partium curatione, was a commentary on the ninth book of Rhazes.

Medical career and accomplishments [edit]

On the day of his graduation he was immediately offered the chair of surgery and beefcake (explicator chirurgiae) at the University of Padua. He likewise guest-lectured at the University of Bologna and the Academy of Pisa. Prior to taking up his position in Padua, Vesalius traveled through Italia and assisted the future Pope Paul 4 and Ignatius of Loyola to heal those afflicted by leprosy. In Venice in 1542 he met the illustrator Johan van Calcar, a student of Titian. It was with van Calcar that Vesalius published his first anatomical text, Tabulae Anatomicae Sex activity, in 1538.^[four] Previously these topics had been taught primarily from reading classical texts, mainly Galen, followed by an animate being dissection past a barber–surgeon whose work was directed past the lecturer. No endeavour was made to confirm Galen's claims, which were considered unassailable. Vesalius, in contrast, performed dissection equally the primary teaching tool, handling the bodily piece of work himself and urging students to perform dissection themselves. He considered hands-on direct observation to be the merely reliable resources.

Vesalius created detailed illustrations of beefcake for students in the form of half-dozen large woodcut posters. When he found that some of them were being widely copied, he published them all in 1538 under the title Tabulae anatomicae sex. He followed this in 1539 with an updated version of Winter'south anatomical handbook, Institutiones anatomicae.

In 1539 he as well published his Venesection Epistle on bloodletting. This was a pop treatment for almost whatsoever illness, just there was some debate about where to take the blood from. The classical Greek procedure, advocated past Galen, was to collect blood from a site near the location of the disease. Withal the Muslim and medieval practice was to draw a smaller amount of claret from a distant location. Vesalius' pamphlet generally supported Galen'south view but with qualifications that rejected the infiltration of Galen.

In 1541, while in Bologna, Vesalius discovered that all of Galen'south research had had to be restricted to animals since dissection had been banned in ancient Rome. Galen had dissected Barbary macaques instead, which he considered structurally closest to man. Even though Galen produced many errors attributable to the anatomical material available to him, he was a qualified examiner, but his enquiry was weakened past stating his findings philosophically, so his findings were based on religious precepts rather than scientific discipline.^[five] Vesalius contributed to the new Giunta edition of Galen'southward collected works and began to write his own anatomical text based on his own research. Until Vesalius pointed out Galen's commutation of animal for human beefcake, information technology had gone unnoticed and had long been the basis of studying homo anatomy. However some people still chose to follow Galen and resented Vesalius for calling attending to the difference.

Galen had causeless that arteries carried the purest claret to higher organs such as the brain and lungs from the left ventricle of the heart, while veins carried blood to the lesser organs such as the tummy from the correct ventricle. In social club for this theory to be correct, some kind of opening was needed to interconnect the ventricles, and Galen claimed to have found them. And so paramount was Galen's say-so that for 1400 years a succession of anatomists had claimed to find these holes, until Vesalius admitted he could not find them. However, he did non venture to dispute Galen on the distribution of blood, being unable to offer any other solution, then supposed that it diffused through the unbroken partition between the ventricles.^[6]

Other famous examples of Vesalius disproving Galen'due south assertions were his discoveries that the lower jaw (mandible) was composed of but i os, not 2 (which Galen had causeless based on creature autopsy) and that humans lack the rete mirabile, a network of blood vessels at the base of the brain that is found in sheep and other ungulates.

The skeleton of Jakob Karrer, articulated by Vesalius in 1543

In 1543, Vesalius conducted a public dissection of the torso of Jakob Karrer von Gebweiler, a notorious felon from the urban center of Basel, Switzerland. He assembled and articulated the bones, finally altruistic the skeleton to the Academy of Basel. This grooming ("The Basel Skeleton") is Vesalius' only well-preserved skeletal preparation, and too the earth'due south oldest surviving anatomical training. It is yet displayed at the Anatomical Museum of the University of Basel.^[vii]

In the same yr Vesalius took residence in Basel to help Johannes Oporinus publish the 7-volume De humani corporis fabrica (On the material of the homo body), a groundbreaking piece of work of human being anatomy that he defended to Charles V. Many believe it was illustrated by Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar, but evidence is lacking, and it is unlikely that a single artist created all 273 illustrations in a period of time so curt. At about the aforementioned time he published an abridged edition for students, Andrea Vesalii suorum de humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome, and defended information technology to Philip II of Kingdom of spain, the son of the Emperor. That work, now collectively referred to every bit the Fabrica of Vesalius, was groundbreaking in the history of medical publishing and is considered to exist a major step in the development of scientific medicine. Considering of this, information technology marks the establishment of anatomy every bit a mod descriptive science.^[viii]

Though Vesalius' work was not the starting time such work based on actual dissection, nor even the start piece of work of this era, the production quality, highly detailed and intricate plates, and the likelihood that the artists who produced it were conspicuously nowadays in person at the dissections made it an instant classic. Pirated editions were bachelor near immediately, an outcome Vesalius acknowledged in a printer's note would happen. Vesalius was 28 years onetime when the first edition of Fabrica was published.

Imperial physician and decease [edit]

The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, who was an important patron of Vesalius

Soon after publication, Vesalius was invited to get imperial physician to the courtroom of Emperor Charles V. He informed the Venetian Senate that he would leave his postal service at Padua, which prompted Knuckles Cosimo I de' Medici to invite him to move to the expanding academy in Pisa, which he declined. Vesalius took upwards the offered position in the imperial court, where he had to bargain with other physicians who mocked him for existence a mere barber surgeon instead of an academic working on the respected ground of theory.

In the 1540s, shortly later entering in service of the emperor, Vesalius married Anne van Hamme, from Vilvorde, Belgium. They had one daughter, named Anne, who died in 1588.^[9]

Over the next eleven years Vesalius traveled with the court, treating injuries acquired in battle or tournaments, performing postmortems, administering medication, and writing private letters addressing specific medical questions. During these years he likewise wrote the Epistle on the China root, a brusk text on the backdrop of a medical constitute whose efficacy he doubted, as well as a defense force of his anatomical findings. This elicited a new round of attacks on his work that called for him to be punished past the emperor. In 1551, Charles 5 commissioned an inquiry in Salamanca to investigate the religious implications of his methods. Although Vesalius' work was cleared by the lath, the attacks connected. Four years later one of his main detractors and ane-time professors, Jacobus Sylvius, published an commodity that claimed that the human body itself had changed since Galen had studied it.

In 1555, Vesalius became physician to Philip Ii,^[10] and in the same year he published a revised edition of De humani corporis fabrica.

In 1564 Vesalius went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, some said, in penance subsequently being accused of dissecting a living trunk. He sailed with the Venetian fleet nether James Malatesta via Republic of cyprus. When he reached Jerusalem he received a message from the Venetian senate requesting him again to accept the Paduan professorship, which had become vacant on the decease of his friend and educatee Fallopius.

Subsequently struggling for many days with agin winds in the Ionian Sea, he was shipwrecked on the island of Zakynthos.^[11] Hither he soon died, in such debt that a distributor kindly paid for his funeral. At the fourth dimension of his death he was 49 years of age. He was buried somewhere on the island of Zakynthos (Zante).^[12]

For some time, it was assumed that Vesalius'south pilgrimage was due to the pressures imposed on him by the Inquisition. Today, this supposition is more often than not considered to exist without foundation^[thirteen] and is dismissed by modern biographers. It appears the story was spread by Hubert Languet, a diplomat under Emperor Charles V and then under the Prince of Orangish, who claimed in 1565 that Vesalius had performed an autopsy on an aristocrat in Spain while the heart was still beating, leading to the Inquisition'south condemning him to death. The story went on to merits that Philip II had the judgement commuted to a pilgrimage. That story re-surfaced several times, until it was more recently revised.

The decision to undertake the pilgrimage was likely merely a pretext to leave the Spanish courtroom. Its lifestyle did not please him and he longed to continue his research. Given that he could non get rid of his purple service past resignation, he managed to escape asking for the permission to go to Jerusalem.^[14]

Publications [edit]

De Humani Corporis Fabrica [edit]

A portrait of Vesalius from his De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543)

In 1543, Vesalius asked Johannes Oporinus to publish the book De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books), a groundbreaking work of human being anatomy he dedicated to Charles V and which many believe was illustrated past Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar.

Nearly the same time he published another version of his keen work, entitled De Humani Corporis Fabrica Librorum Prototype (Abridgement of the On the fabric of the human trunk) more than usually known as the Epitome, with a stronger focus on illustrations than on text, and so every bit to assistance readers, including medical students, to hands empathize his findings. The bodily text of the Epitome was an abridged form of his work in the Fabrica, and the organization of the two books was quite varied. He defended it to Philip II of Spain, son of the Emperor.^[15]

The Fabrica emphasized the priority of autopsy and what has come to exist called the "anatomical" view of the body, seeing human internal functioning as a result of an substantially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three-dimensional space. His book contains drawings of several organs on two leaves. This allows for the creation of three-dimensional diagrams past cutting out the organs and pasting them on flayed figures.^[eight] This was in stark contrast to many of the anatomical models used previously, which had strong Galenic/Aristotelean elements, as well equally elements of astrology. Although modern anatomical texts had been published by Mondino and Berenger, much of their work was overcast by reverence for Galen and Arabian doctrines.

Vesalius's Fabrica contained many intricately detailed drawings of homo dissections, often in allegorical poses.

Besides the first good description of the sphenoid os, he showed that the sternum consists of three portions and the sacrum of v or 6, and described accurately the vestibule in the interior of the temporal bone. He not but verified Estienne's observations on the valves of the hepatic veins, but also described the vena azygos, and discovered the canal which passes in the fetus between the umbilical vein and the vena cava, since named the ductus venosus. He described the omentum and its connections with the stomach, the spleen and the colon; gave the offset right views of the structure of the pylorus; observed the small size of the caecal appendix in man; gave the first good account of the mediastinum and pleura and the fullest description of the beefcake of the encephalon upwardly to that time. He did not understand the inferior recesses, and his account of the fretfulness is confused by regarding the optic as the first pair, the third equally the fifth, and the fifth every bit the seventh.

In this work, Vesalius likewise becomes the first person to describe mechanical ventilation.^[sixteen] Information technology is largely this accomplishment that has resulted in Vesalius existence incorporated into the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists college arms and crest.

Excerpts [edit]

When I undertake the autopsy of a human pelvis I laissez passer a stout rope tied like a noose beneath the lower jaw and through the zygomas up to the pinnacle of the caput... The lower end of the noose I run through a pulley fixed to a axle in the room and so that I may raise or lower the cadaver as information technology hangs there or turn around in any direction to conform my purpose; ... Yous must take care not to put the noose effectually the neck, unless some of the muscles connected to the occipital bone take already been cut away.^[17]

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Other publications [edit]

In 1538, Vesalius wrote Epistola, docens venam axillarem dextri cubiti in dolore laterali secandam (A letter, didactics that in cases of hurting in the side, the axillary vein of the correct elbow be cut), commonly known equally the Venesection Letter, which demonstrated a revived venesection, a classical procedure in which blood was fatigued near the site of the disquiet. He sought to locate the precise site for venesection in pleurisy within the framework of the classical method. The real significance of the book is his attempt to support his arguments by the location and continuity of the venous arrangement from his observations rather than appeal to earlier published works. With this novel approach to the problem of venesection, Vesalius posed the then striking hypothesis that anatomical autopsy might exist used to test speculation.

In 1546, three years later the Fabrica, he wrote his Epistola rationem modumque propinandi radicis Chynae decocti, commonly known equally the Epistle on the China Root. Ostensibly an appraisement of a pop simply ineffective treatment for gout, syphilis, and stone, this piece of work is especially important as a continued polemic against Galenism and a reply to critics in the camp of his erstwhile professor Jacobus Sylvius, at present an obsessive detractor.

In Feb 1561, Vesalius was given a copy of Gabriele Fallopio'southward Observationes anatomicae, friendly additions and corrections to the Fabrica. Before the end of the year Vesalius composed a cordial respond, Anatomicarum Gabrielis Fallopii observationum examen, more often than not referred to as the Examen. In this work he recognizes in Fallopio a true equal in the science of dissection he had done so much to create. Vesalius' reply to Fallopio was published in May 1564, a calendar month after Vesalius' death on the Greek island of Zante (at present called Zakynthos).

Scientific findings [edit]

Skeletal organisation [edit]

• Vesalius believed the skeletal system to be the framework of the man body. It was in this opening chapter or book of De fabrica that Vesalius made several of his strongest claims against Galen's theories and writings which he had put in his anatomy books. In his extensive report of the skull, Vesalius claimed that the mandible consisted of one bone, whereas Galen had idea it to be two carve up bones. He accurately described the foyer in the interior of the temporal bone of the skull.
• In Galen's observation of the ape, he had discovered that their sternum consisted of seven parts which he assumed likewise held truthful for humans. Vesalius discovered that the homo sternum consisted of just three parts.
• He too disproved the common belief that men had one rib fewer than women and noted that the fibula and tibia bones of the leg were indeed larger than the humerus bone of the arm, unlike Galen'southward original findings.

Muscular organisation [edit]

• Vesalius' most impressive contribution to the report of the muscular system may be the illustrations that accompany the text in De fabrica, which would become known as the "muscle men". He describes the source and position of each muscle of the body and provides information on their respective operation.

Vascular and circulatory systems [edit]

• Vesalius' work on the vascular and circulatory systems was his greatest contribution to mod medicine. In his dissections of the heart, Vesalius became convinced that Galen's claims of a porous Interventricular septum were false. This fact was previously described by Michael Servetus, a fellow of Vesalius, but never reached the public, for it was written downwards in the "Manuscript of Paris",^[eighteen] in 1546, and published afterward in his Christianismi Restitutio (1553), a book regarded as heretical by the Inquisition. Only three copies survived, but these remained hidden for decades, the rest having been burned shortly after publication. In the second edition Vesalius published that the septum was indeed waterproof, discovering (and naming), the mitral valve to explain the blood flow.
• Vesalius believed that cardiac systole is synchronous with the arterial pulse.
• He not simply verified Estienne'due south findings on the valves of the hepatic veins, but also described the azygos vein, and discovered the canal which passes into the fetus betwixt the umbilical vein and vena cava.

Nervous organisation [edit]

• Vesalius divers a nerve as the mode of transmitting sensation and move and thus refuted his contemporaries' claims that ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses were three types of nervus units.
• He believed that the brain and the nervous system are the middle of the listen and emotion in contrast to the common Aristotelian conventionalities that the heart was the center of the body. He correspondingly believed that fretfulness themselves practice not originate from the heart, but from the encephalon—facts already experimentally proved by Herophilus and Erasistratus in the classical era, but suppressed afterward the adoption of Aristotelianism by the Cosmic Church in the Middle Ages.
• Upon studying the optic nerve, Vesalius came to the decision that fretfulness were not hollow.

Abdominal organs [edit]

• In De fabrica, he corrected an earlier claim he made in Tabulae about the right kidney existence fix higher than the left. Vesalius claimed that the kidneys were non a filter device for urine to pass through, only rather that the kidneys serve to filter blood besides, and that excretions from the kidneys travelled through the ureters to the bladder.
• He described the omentum, and its connections with the stomach, the spleen and the colon gave the first correct views of the structure of the pylorus.
• He too observed the small size of the caecal appendix in homo and gave the first proficient account of the mediastinum and pleura.
• Vesalius admitted that due to a lack of significant cadavers he was unable to come to a pregnant understanding of the reproductive organs. However, he did notice that the uterus had been falsely identified as having ii singled-out sections.

Eye [edit]

• Through his piece of work with muscles, Vesalius believed that a criterion for muscles was their voluntary motility. On this merits, he deduced that the heart was not a true musculus due to the obvious involuntary nature of its move.
• He identified two chambers and ii atria. The right atrium was considered a continuation of the inferior and superior venae cavae, and the left atrium was considered a continuation of the pulmonary vein.
• He as well addressed the controversial consequence of the heart being the centre of the soul. He wished to avoid drawing any conclusions due to possible conflict with contemporary religious behavior.

  

• Against Galen's theory and many behavior he also discovered that there was no hole in the septum or centre.

Other achievements [edit]

• Vesalius disproved Galen's assertion that men have more than teeth than women.^[xi]
• Vesalius introduced the notion of induction of the extraction of empyema through surgical means.
• Due to his impressive study of the human skull and the variations in its features he is said to have been responsible for the launch of the report of physical anthropology.
• Vesalius always encouraged his students to cheque their findings, and even his ain findings, so that they could meliorate understand the structure of the homo body.
• In addition to his continual efforts to report beefcake he also worked on medicinal remedies and came to such conclusions equally treating syphilis with chinaroot.
• Vesalius claimed that medicine had three aspects: drugs, diet, and 'the use of hands'—mainly suggesting surgery and the knowledge of anatomy and physiology gained through dissection.
• Vesalius was a supporter of 'parallel dissections' in which an brute cadaver and a human cadaver are dissected simultaneously in lodge to demonstrate the anatomical differences and thus right Galenic errors.

Scientific and historical impact [edit]

The influence of Vesalius' plates representing the partial dissections of the homo figure posing in a mural setting is credible in the anatomical plates prepared past the Baroque painter Pietro da Cortona (1596–1669), who executed anatomical plates with figures in dramatic poses, most of them with architectural or landscape backdrops.^[19]

During the 20th century, the American artist, Jacob Lawrence created his Vesalius Suite based on the anatomical drawings of Andreas Vesalius.

Run across as well [edit]

• Androtomy
• Brain Renaissance
• InVesalius
• Medical Renaissance
• Physician writer
• Timeline of medicine and medical technology
• Vesalius Higher

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564 / [Charles Donald O'Malley]. Wellcome Collection. University of California Printing, 1964. p. 47. OCLC 429258. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
2. ^ "Vesalius | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
3. ^ O'Malley, Charles Donald. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley : Academy of California Printing, 1964. pp. 21–27.
4. ^ "Vesalius at 500". The Physician'south Palette. Archived from the original on x Dec 2014.
5. ^ O'Malley, Charles Donald. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1964.
6. ^ Bonnier Corporation (May 1872). "Popular Science". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation: 95–100. ISSN 0161-7370.
7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2009. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
8. ^ ^{a b} Harcourt, Glenn (1 January 1987). "Andreas Vesalius and the Anatomy of Antique Sculpture". Representations. 17 (17): 28–61. doi:10.2307/3043792. ISSN 0734-6018. JSTOR 3043792. PMID 11618035.
9. ^ O'Malley, Charles Donald. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley : Academy of California Printing, 1964. pp. 203, 314.
10. ^ "Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)". BBC History. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
11. ^ ^{a b} Lambert Teuwissen (31 December 2014). "Vesalius was belangrijker dan Copernicus" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Publieke Omroep. Retrieved five Feb 2015.
12. ^ O'Malley, Charles Donald. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley : University of California Printing, 1964. p. 311.
13. ^ Come across C.D. O'Malley Andreas Vesalius' Pilgrimage, Isis 45:2, 1954
14. ^ O'Malley, C. Donald (1 January 1954). Andreas Vesalius' Pilgrimage. Isis. Vol. 45/2. pp. 138–144.
15. ^ Kusukawa, Sachiko. "De humani corporis fabrica. Epitome". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
16. ^ Vallejo-Manzur F. et al. (2003) "The resuscitation greats. Andreas Vesalius, the concept of an artificial airway." "Resuscitation" 56:3–vii
17. ^ Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (1544), Book II, Ch. 24, 268. Trans. William Frank Rich son, On the Material of the Human Body (1999), Book 2, 234. As quoted past W. F. Bynum & Roy Porter (2005), Oxford Lexicon of Scientific Quotations: Andreas Vesalius, 595:ii, ISBN 0-19-858409-1.
18. ^ Michael Servetus Enquiry Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Auto Website with graphical study on the Manuscript of Paris by Servetus
19. ^ The Anatomical Plates of Pietro da Cortona, Dover, New York, 1986. They were published in the 18th century. Twenty of the drawings for these plates are now in the Hunterian Library, Glasgow.

Sources [edit]

• Dear, Peter. Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700. Princeton: Princeton Upwards, 2001.
• Debus, Allen, ed. Vesalius. Who's Who in the World of Science: From Antiquity to Present. 1st ed. Hanibal: Western Co., 1968.
• O'Malley, CD. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley: Academy of California Press, 1964.
• Porter, Roy, ed. Vesalius. The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. 2d Ed. New York: Oxford University P, 1994.
• Saunders, JB de CM and O'Malley, Charles D. The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels. New York: Dover, 1973 [reprint].
• "Vesalius." Encyclopedia Americana. 1992.
• Vesalius, Andreas. On the Cloth of the Human Trunk, translated past W. F. Richardson and J. B. Carman. 5 vols. San Francisco and Novato: Norman Publishing, 1998–2009. The Fabric of the human Body, Translated by Daniel H. Garrison and Malcolm H. Hast. Basel: Karger Publishing, 2013. Garrison, Daniel H. Vesalius: The China Root Epistle. A New Translation and Critical Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Williams, Trevor, ed. Vesalius. A Biographical Lexicon of Scientists. tertiary Ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982.

External links [edit]

• Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis, Dе humani corporis fabrica libri septem, Basileae 1543
• Anatomia 1522–1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
• Bibliography van Andreas Vesalius
• Vesalius's « Anatomies » Introduction by Jacqueline Vons
• Places and memories related to Andreas Vesalius
• Play on Vesalius
• Translating Vesalius
• Ars Anatomica collection at University of Edinburgh paradigm service (includes Vesalius's De Humanis Corporis Fabrica)
• Turning the Pages: a virtual copy of Vesalius's De Humanis Corporis Fabrica. From the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• De humani corporis fabrica. Epitome coloured and complete with manekin at Cambridge Digital Library
• Texts digitized by the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé; come across its digital library Medic@.
• Vesalius 4 centuries later past John F. Fulton. Logan Clendening lecture on the history and philosophy of medicine, University of Kansas, 1950. Full-text PDF.
• Andreas Vesalius, VESALIUS project. Data about the new DVD "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" produced by Wellness Science Library of the St. Anna Hospital in Ferrara – Italy.
• Vesalius College in Brussels
• TV report on 500th altogether Vesalius by tvbrussel
• De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (1543) – full digital facsimile at Linda Hall Library
• Vesalius at 500 – digital exhibition from the University of Missouri Libraries
• Andreas Vesalius at the Mathematics Genealogy Projection

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius

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